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The energy released per litre of oxygen consumed is similar for each macronutrient, so it is only necessary to anti aging measure anti aging oxygen anti aging consumption to obtain a fair estimate of energy expenditure. Assuming 20.3 kJ/l incurs a maximum error in energy expenditure of less than 4%. CarbohydrateProteinFat Energy equivalent of oxygen (kJ/l)21.1219.4819.61 The CO2 produced per litre of oxygen consumed (RQ, respiratory quotient) differs between macronutrients. CarbohydrateProteinFat CO2 produced per litre O2 consumed10.8350.71 Thus if CO2 production is measured along with O2 consumption, and protein oxidation is assumed to provide 12.5% of energy, then the estimate of energy expenditure can be improved to better than ±0.5%. EE = (15.9131 x O2 consumption + 5.2069 x CO2 production) x 0.995 (The constant 0.995 reflects the protein contribution.)
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