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Mass healthand personal care of body fat (FM) is one quantitative measure of a bird's preparedness for successfully completing an energy-demanding activity such as migration or egg laying and surviving such energy-demanding periods as: (1) prolonged starvation (Cherel et al. 1987), (2) summit (peak) rates of energy metabolism during a severe healthand personal care winter period, healthand personal care or (3) an unseasonably cold storm during a nonwinter period (see Gessaman and Worthen 1982, Elkins 1993). Continue article Advertisement The most accurate method of determining FM is extraction with a solvent such as petroleum ether, but the technique requires killing the animal. Because it is undesirable to kill subject animals, researchers have evaluated several nonlethal (and typically noninvasive) methods of estimating body fat of birds. These methods include total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC; Skagen et al.
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